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The Queen's Hamlet

The Queen’s Hamlet is a charming attraction in the park of the Palace of Versailles, built for Marie Antoinette in the 18th century. It consists of a group of rustic cottages and farm buildings, arranged around an artificial lake, that served as a place of leisure and education for the queen and her children. The hamlet was inspired by the naturalistic movement in art and architecture, and by the model farms that were popular among the French aristocracy at the time. The hamlet was also a way for Marie Antoinette to escape the formalities and pressures of the court life, and to enjoy a simpler and more intimate lifestyle. The hamlet was designed by Richard Mique and Hubert Robert, who also modified the landscape of the Petit Trianon, where the hamlet is located. The hamlet has three distinct areas: the reception area, where the queen entertained her guests in the boudoir, the billiard room, and the Queen’s House; the farm area, where the animals and crops were raised and the dair
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An Invention Comes from Brewery


Sørensen (1868–1939), who held a Ph.D. from the University of Copenhagen, directed the chemical department of the Carlsberg Laboratory, which was supported by the beer company of the same name, brewing is one of the oldest chemical industries. At the time, he was working on the effect of ion concentration in the analysis of proteins. Sørensen subsequently became a leader in the application of thermodynamics to protein chemistry, and in this work, he was assisted by his wife, Margrethe Høyrup Sørensen.

The context for the introduction of the concept of pH was the slow changeover from the old color-change tests for indicating the degree of acidity or basicity to electrical methods. In the latter technique, the current generated in an electrochemical cell by ions migrating to oppositely charged electrodes was measured, using a highly sensitive (and delicate) galvanometer.

Until Sørensen developed the pH scale, there was no widely accepted way of expressing hydrogen ion concentrations.
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